Akbar  Rezae, Mozaffar  Ghaffari, Jafar  Zolfalifam, 
    A Survey and Comparison of Team Cohesion, Role Ambiguity, Athletic Performance and Hardiness in Elite and non Elite Football Players,
    Research Journal of Biological Sciences,
    Volume 4,Issue 9,
    2009,
    Pages 1010-1015,
    ISSN 1815-8846,
    rjbsci.2009.1010.1015,
    (https://makhillpublications.co/view-article.php?doi=rjbsci.2009.1010.1015)
    Abstract: The aim of this study is to review and compare team cohesion, role ambiguity, athletic performance and hardiness in elite and non-elite football players. Statistical sample includes 140 randomly chosen Iranian elite and non-elite football players in 2009. Data collection tools include scale of team cohesion, role ambiguity, hardiness and functioning checklist of players. The results of the research showed that there is a positive and meaningful relation between athletic performance and team cohesion (r = 0.366) and hardiness (r = 0.426), but it has a negative and meaningful relation with role ambiguity (r = 0.274). There is positive relation between team cohesion and hardiness (r = 0.543) and negative and meaningful relation with role ambiguity (r = 0.577) and the relation between hardiness and role ambiguity (r = 0.592) proved to be negative and meaningful. Also, the results showed that in champion and non-champion players, the variables of team cohesion, hardiness, role ambiguity and athletic performance are meaningfully different (p = 0.05). That is the mean score of team cohesion, hardiness, performance in champions are higher than non-champion athletes but role ambiguity is lower in champions.
    Keywords: Team cohesion;role ambiguity;hardiness;athletic performance;elite football players;non-elite football players